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Authors
Liu, Mingzhou
Duan, Feiya
Ling, Lin https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2237-9890
Hu, Jing
Ge, Maogen
Zhang, Xi
Cai, Shanbao
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Article History
Received: 3 January 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 7 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: The Cholec80 dataset used in this study is publicly available and has received the appropriate ethical review and approval. All data have been de-identified to ensure that no personal privacy information is involved.
: Not applicable as this study did not involve individual patient data.
