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Article History

Received: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Sreeram Kamabattula, Kai Chen, and Kiran Bhattacharyya are all employed by Intuitive Surgical, Inc.

: This article does not contain any experiments with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. The procedure data used for this study was de-identified. The authors did not have access to any identifiable information when conducting analyses.

: All procedure data and activities included in this study were collected with approval from Western IRB (now part of WCG Clinical) with appropriate consents from surgeons and patients. Protocol number 20182083.