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Authors
Drago, Mauro Orazio https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1593-4203
Carlini, Luca https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1365-6661
Balyemez, Pelinsu Celebi
Pierantozzi, Dennis
Lena, Chiara
Hassan, Cesare https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-1459
Stoyanov, Danail https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-3227
Momi, Elena De https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-2734
Bano, Sophia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-4565
Hoque, Mobarak I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7162-2822
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Politecnico di Milano
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2026
Accepted: 22 April 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics Approval: This article does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. All analyses were conducted on previously published or fully anonymized surgical video datasets, including EndoVis18-VQA and the REAL-Colon dataset from which REAL-Colon-VQA was derived.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare they have no competing financial or non-financial interests directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.
Informed Consent: No new data involving human participants were collected for this study. Informed consent was obtained by the original investigators at the time of data acquisition, where applicable; therefore, additional informed consent for this secondary analysis was not required.
