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Authors
Tagscherer, Jan https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0047-9225
de Boer, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-4340
van der Graaf, Fennie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-4101
Philipp, Lena https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2742-7041
Jacobs, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-3805
Smit, Ewoud J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-2742
Hering, Alessa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7602-803X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NGF.1607.22.032)
HORIZON EUROPE Health (101079894)
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2026
Accepted: 14 August 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: C.J. reports receiving research grants and royalties to his host institution from MeVis Medical Solutions (Bremen, Germany), and lecture fees from Canon Medical Systems and Johnson & Johnson. He is also involved in a public-private research collaboration between Radboudumc and Philips Medical Systems (Best, the Netherlands). F.v.d.G. reports involvement in a public-private project funded in part by MeVis Medical Solutions. L.P. reports that her PhD is funded by Siemens Healthineers. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval: This study used only publicly available, anonymized datasets (AMOS-MM with LEAVS annotations). No ethics approval was required.
Consent to participate: This study used only publicly available, anonymized data. No human participants were directly involved, and informed consent was not required.
Consent to publish: The manuscript does not contain any identifiable individual data. Consent for publication is therefore not applicable.
