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Authors
Komp-Leukkunen, Kathrin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-2170
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
LUT University (previously Lappeenranta University of Technology
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Article History
Received: 28 June 2024
Accepted: 25 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: K. Komp-Leukkunen declares that she has no competing interests.
: This study required no ethics approval according to the instructions of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity. The European Social Survey obtained informed consent from the respondents before collecting the data, complying with national and European regulations on research ethics and data protection. The European Social Survey data are available from the European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure Consortium at .
