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An improved transformer-GRU neural model optimized by polar light optimizer for SOC estimation of lithium-ion batteries under complex operating conditions

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06353-7

Published Online: 2025-05-06

Published Print: 2025-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

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