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An improved variable forgetting factor sliding window recursive least square-chaotic firefly optimization method for key dynamic parameters identification of lithium-ion batteries with hybrid electrochemical empirical and circuit modeling

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-026-06982-6

Published Online: 2026-02-06

Published Print: 2026-03

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

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