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Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Revised: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2025

First Online: 9 April 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (Approval Protocol Code: AYYFYLS-PJ2024-08-87; Date: 7 August 2024). The institutional review board granted a waiver for written informed consent due to the fully anonymous nature of the online questionnaire and the minimal risk posed to participants. Prior to survey participation, all individuals were provided with a comprehensive description of the study objectives, data collection procedures, and measures to ensure confidentiality. Participants retained the unconditional right to withdraw from the survey at any time without penalty.

: Study participants voluntarily completed an anonymous online questionnaire, with all collected data being fully de-identified. The institutional review board granted a waiver for written informed consent due to the study’s anonymous nature and minimal risk design. Prior to questionnaire completion, participants were provided with detailed information regarding the study objectives, data handling procedures, and confidentiality protections. Participants retained the right to withdraw from the survey at any point without penalty or consequence.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All data presented in this study are fully anonymized and contain no personally identifiable information. The Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University confirmed that no separate consent for publication was required, as the anonymized dataset poses no risk of participant identification. The manuscript does not include individual-level details, images, or case reports that would necessitate additional consent.