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Authors
Liu, Xue-mei
Liu, Yun
Liu, Li-yan
Wang, Jin
Song, Ge-sheng
Jia, Xiao-yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nephropathy Medical Development Research Project of China Primary Health Care Foundation (SO.20220217SD)
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2024
Revised: 10 December 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki (Approval No. YXLL-KY-2021[062]). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to study procedures.
: This study was conducted with strict adherence to human ethical principles, particularly focusing on ensuring the autonomy, privacy, and safety of all participants.
: Written informed consent was obtained from the participants for publication.
