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Article History

Received: 16 September 2025

Revised: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 12 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All authors declare that they have no financial or other conflicts of interest.

: This study analyzed aggregated, anonymized data from the Hubei Province Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. As no individual patient identifiers were accessed or used, and the study constituted routine public health surveillance analysis, formal ethical approval was not required as per the policies of Tongji Hospital and relevant national guidelines.

: Not applicable.