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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Province Senile Health Scientific Research Project (LKM2023050)
Province Senile Health Scientific Research Project (LKM2023022)
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Revised: 23 March 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest that could affect the impartiality of the reported research.
: This study used the public database of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which has been approved in its entirety by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University. The present study strictly adhered to the ethical norms and data usage protocols of the original project.
: Not applicable.
