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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 21 September 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Florian Michallek: patent on fractal analysis of perfusion imaging (jointly with Marc Dewey, EPO 2022 EP3350773A1, and USPTO 2021 10,991,109; approved). Grants: German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, project number: 392304398, Ml 2272/1–2). Florian Michallek, Satoshi Nakamura, and Kakuya Kitagawa currently belong to the Department of Advanced Diagnostic Imaging, which receives endowment support by an unrestricted grant from Siemens Healthcare K.K. and FUJIFILM Medical Co., Ltd. Marc Dewey: patent on fractal analysis of perfusion imaging (jointly with Florian Michallek, EPO 2022 EP3350773A1, and USPTO 2021 10,991,109; approved). Grants: EU (EC-GA 603266 in HEALTH.2013.2.4.2–2), DFG (DE 1361/14–1, DE 1361/18–1/2, BIOQIC GRK 2260/1, Radiomics DE 1361/19–1 [428222922] and 20–1 [428223139] in SPP 2177/1), GUIDE-IT (DE 1361/24–1), Berlin University Alliance (GC_SC_PC 27), G-BA (01NVF23002), Berlin Institute of Health (Digital Health Accelerator). Editor: Cardiac CT (Springer Nature). Other: hands-on cardiac CT courses ( ). Institutional research agreements: Siemens, General Electric, Philips, Canon. M.D. was European Society of Radiology (ESR) Publications Chair (2022–2025); the opinions expressed in this presentation are the author’s own and do not represent the view of ESR. The other authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.