Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 April 2024

Accepted: 27 September 2024

First Online: 12 November 2024

Declarations

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: BC reports employment and equity with Solera Health outside the submitted work. MD reports consulting on ethics policy issues for the American College of Physicians via an institutional contract. JAR reports serving as a consultant for the Association of American Medical Colleges. EK reports funding from the NIH through K23HL163498 unrelated to the current work. LR reports research funding from FeelBetter Inc, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Physicians Foundation, and the American Medical Association. She also serves on the AI Advisory Council for Augmedix, Inc and has received honoraria from Phreesia, Inc. AR reports funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore foundation for research on large language models. JC reports research funding support in part by NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R01AI17812101), NIH/National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (UG1DA015815 - CTN-0136), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant #12409), Stanford Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging - Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (AIMI-HAI) Partnership Grant, American Heart Association - Strategically Focused Research Network - Diversity in Clinical Trials. Additionally, JC reports being co-founder of Reaction Explorer LLC that develops and licenses organic chemistry education software, paid consulting fees from Sutton Pierce, Younker Hyde MacFarlane, and Sykes McAllister as a medical expert witness and paid consulting fees from ISHI Health. RGM reports advisory committee role with Elsevier, outside of this work. All other authors have no conflicts to report.