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Article History

Received: 9 May 2024

Accepted: 6 November 2024

First Online: 25 November 2024

Declarations:

:

: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration funded this study through an interagency agreement with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (Contract number: GS-10F-0133S). The authors who were employees or contractors of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services played a role in the design; however, other officials at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Amy Brehm’s spouse owns stocks in Bristol Myers, Abbvie, and Johnson & Johnson. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

: Preliminary results of this work were presented at CHEST Annual Meeting 2022, October 16–19, 2022, Nashville, TN, USA.

: The manuscript was subject to administrative review before submission, but this review did not alter its content. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.