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Article History

Received: 4 February 2025

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors completed comprehensive ICJME conflict of interest declarations. Adrian Edwards receives book royalties for SharedDecision Making book 1st–3rd editions, Oxford University Press. Glyn Elwyn advises EBSCO Health, which produces Dynamed Decisions, a product that includes Option Grid patient decision aids and book royalties for SharedDecision Making book 1st–3rd editions, Oxford University Press. He has developed Observer OPTION-5 and collaboRATE, measures of shared decision-making that are freely available. Pål Gulbrandsen received speaking fees from Pfizer in 2024. Marla Clayman receives grant support from the US Department of Veteran Affairs, participates on a DSMB board for a PCORI-funded project, and is on the board of ISDMS. Eman Abukmail is on the ISDSM ECR Committee. Alana Fisher ALIVE National Centre Next Generation Researcher Seed Funding Grant (National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia), and Macquarie University Research Fellowship. Jannicke Rabben has financial support from the Norwegian Society of Nurses in Cancer Care to attend the EAPC conference, and is a board member of Norwegian Society of Nurses in Cancer Care. Pola Hahlweg was an Unpaid Executive Board Member and Treasurer of ISDMS (2018–2024). Arwen Pieterse received travel and accommodation funding from the International Association for Communication in Healthcare (EACH) for delivering a keynote at the Conference on Communication in Healthcare, Zaragoza, Sept 2024 and from the University of Oslo, Norway for various working visits to the affiliated Akershus university hospital, Oslo as a visiting professor of the University of Oslo, Member of the Supervisory board of the Dutch foundation , and is a Member of the Evaluation Committee for Development & Implementation research proposals, Dutch Cancer Society. Paula Riganti received financial support from The Family and Community Medicine Department of the Hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires to cover travel, lodging, and registration fees to attend the ISDM Conference in July 2024, he is an associate editor for BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, and is an ISDMS Advisory Group Member. Fülöp Scheibler has received research grants from the German Innovation Fund, Novartis Pharma, Pfitzer Pharma, is a partner in SHARE TO CARE GmbH, and Treasurer for ISDMS. Elise Schoefs received a grant from Research Foundation Flanders. Owen Taylor received grants from the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence PhD Stipend RHAG/372 and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute-University of Cambridge Internship Stipend, Kathrene Valentine received grants from Google LLC, PCORI, AHRQ, Donaghue Medical Foundation, and CRICO (all paid to the institution). The following authors declare no conflicting interests: Hannah Leavitt, Jeanette Finderup, Stuart W Grande, María José Hernández-Leal, Tammy Hoffman, Wen-Hsuan Hou, Debra Leung, Weiwei Lu, Lars Mandelkow, Kristen Pecanac, Amy Price, Michael Sanatani, Richard Wexler.

: Not applicable.

: The following patient representatives were asked to comment and edit the article:E. Chandlee Bryan, MEd, patient representative and a person with multiple sclerosis.Jan Faldt Bentsen, patient representative, Chair of Patient & Relative Council at Sygehus Lillebaelt, Kolding, Denmark.Hannah Leavitt, MPH, patient representative with dysautonomia, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, New Hampshire USA.Ellen McEvoy, patient representative, participant in the MAMMI Study, Ireland.Nadine Montgomery Allam, patient representative, Patron of Birthrights, Medical Lawyer at Levy and McRae solicitors, and Class Tutor for Law of Delict at the University of Strathclyde, Scotland.Johannah Ruddy, MEd, patient representative, doctoral candidate, Population Health, Campbell University School of Health Sciences, USA.Henning Søndergaard, patient advocate and psychologist, Danish Kidney Association, Nyreforeningen, Denmark.Elaine Taylor, patient representative, MSK, Hywel Dda Health Board, Wales.Janice Tufte, patient representative, involved in Health Systems Research and Quality Improvement Efforts, Seattle, WA, USA.