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Article History

Received: 5 January 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this study (IRB# 2022P002034).

: All subjects were consented to participate in the study.

: All subjects provided consent for publication upon participation in the study.

: Dr. Sinsky is employed by the American Medical Association. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as American Medical Association policy. Dr. Rotenstein receives grant funding from the American Medical Association, the Physicians Foundation, the Association of Chiefs and Leaders in General Internal Medicine, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, FeelBetter, Inc. and the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment. She previously served on the AI Advisory Board for Augmedix Inc., a provider of virtual scribe services not assessed in this study and received stock for this service. She received personal fees from Phreesia Inc., and travel support from FeelBetter, Inc. Dr. Bates reports equity from ValeraHealth, equity from Clew, equity from MDClone, personal fees and equity from AESOP, personal fees and equity from FeelBetter, and personal fees and equity from Guided Clinical Solutions outside the submitted work. In addition, he has a patent licensed to Brigham and Women’s Hospital.