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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 1 December 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Mr. Qureshi does not have any competing interests to disclose. Dr. Ross currently receives research support through Yale University from Johnson and Johnson, the US Food and Drug Administration for the Yale-Mayo Clinic Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) program (U01FD005938), from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS022882), and from Arnold Ventures; formerly received research support from the Medical Device Innovation Consortium as part of the National Evaluation System for Health Technology (NEST) and from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01HS025164, R01HL144644); and in addition, Dr. Ross was an expert witness at the request of Relator’s attorneys, the Greene Law Firm, in a qui tam suit alleging violations of the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute against Biogen Inc. that was settled September 2022. Dr. Ramachandran receives research support through Yale University from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, the US Food and Drug Administration, and Arnold Ventures, as well as consultant fees from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2022 for work funded by the Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency, all outside the submitted work. Dr. Habib serves as an Associate Editor for the Journal of General Internal Medicine, for which he receives no remuneration; he had no role in the review or decision regarding publication of this manuscript.