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Authors
Kerman, Hannah https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7453-141X
Siden, Rachel
Cool, Josephine A.
Hom, Jason
Goh, Ethan
Ahuja, Neera
Shieh, Lisa
Heidenreich, Paul
Yang, Daniel
Rodman, Adam
Chen, Jonathan H.
Holdsworth, Laura M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 21 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the IRB at both Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Stanford Medicine. All participants completed a consent before participating in interviews and were informed that they had the right to terminate interviews at any time. No participants’ healthcare was affected by participation in the trial.
: Dr. Chen has received additional research funding support in part by• NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R01AI17812101)• NIH-NCATS-Clinical & Translational Science Award (UM1TR004921)• NIH/National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (UG1DA015815-CTN-0136)• Stanford Bio-X Interdisciplinary Initiatives Seed Grants Program (IIP) [R12] [JHC]• Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI)• American Heart Association—Strategically Focused Research Network—Diversity in Clinical TrialsJonathan H. Chen reports being• Co-founder of Reaction Explorer LLC that develops and licenses organic chemistry education software• Paid consulting fees from Sutton Pierce, Younker Hyde MacFarlane, and Sykes McAllister as a medical expert witness• Paid consulting fees from ISHI HealthDr. Rodman reports additional research funding paid in part by• Josiah Jr. Macy Foundation (P25-04)Dr. Rodman reports being• A part-time visiting researcher at Google
