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Article History

Received: 7 August 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Ross currently receives research support through Yale University from Johnson and Johnson to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing, from the Food and Drug Administration for the Yale-Mayo Clinic Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) program (U01FD005938), from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS022882), and from Arnold Ventures, and from The Greenwall Foundation; formerly received research support from the Medical Device Innovation Consortium as part of the National Evaluation System for Health Technology (NEST); and in addition, Dr. Ross was an expert witness at the request of Relator's attorneys, the Greene Law Firm, in a qui tam suit alleging violations of the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute against Biogen Inc. that was settled September 2022. Dr. Ramachandran currently receives research support from Arnold Ventures and from The Greenwall Foundation; formerly received research support from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); receives personal fees Roosevelt Institute outside the submitted work, formerly from the ReAct-Strategic Policy Program, and serves as a member of the board of directors (unpaid) for the nonprofit organization Doctors for America. Dr. Muir reports support from the National Institute of Nursing Research of the National Institutes of Health under grant number K01NR021419. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. No other disclosures were reported.