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Article History

Received: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The UNC IRB approved this study, which consisted of analyzing secondary data without participant contact, under a waiver of informed consent.

: SAB reports research grants from NIH, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association; personal fees from the Aspen Institute, Rockefeller Foundation, Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, and Kaiser Permanente; and royalties from Johns Hopkins University Press for sales of the book “Equal Care: Health Equity, Social Democracy, and the Egalitarian State,” outside of the submitted work. ML reports research grant support from North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. SB reports research grants from the NIH and CDC, and personal fees from the University of California, Waymark, and HealthRight360, outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare nothing to report.