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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed by the Colorado Institutional Review Board and deemed exempt from review under quality improvement status. All participants were provided with a postcard informed consent statement prior to enrollment.

: The authors disclose various relationships and funding as written in the Disclosures, but have no conflicts of interest to report.

: Dr. Knees reports funding from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and University of Colorado Division of Hospital Medicine not related to this work. Dr. Nicklas receives funding through her institution for research from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, and Cleerly Inc, unrelated to this work. Dr. Burden reports funding from the American Medical Association, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and a DigiSPARK grant, and additionally reports honorarium from Med-IQ and a trademark for the GrittyWork workforce mobile application and safety management platform, both unrelated to this work.The authors were solely responsible for the conceptualization, data analysis, figure creation, and drafting of all versions of the manuscript. OpenAI’s ChatGPT large language model (GPT-5) was employed for final minor editorial assistance to enhance grammar and readability.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets used for this project are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.