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Authors
Chiang, Chien-Wei
Brock, Guy
Schmidt, Siegfried
Fillingim, Roger B.
Schmidt, Stephan
Wei, Yu-Jung Jenny https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-6907
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HRS029001)
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2026
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 16 July 2026
Declarations
Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: Not applicable.
Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable.
Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Conflict of interest: All authors have no conflict of interest.
Data Access, Responsibility, and Analysis: Dr. Wei had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Data Sharing: Data for these analyses were licensed to the authors through a data user agreement with the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and NIH/NIA. Individual researchers can access the data via a license through the HRS at and NIA Data LINKAGE Program (LINKAGE) at .
