Ji, Ge-Peng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-2877
Liu, Jingyi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5792-127X
Xu, Peng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-1110
Barnes, Nick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-9535
Khan, Fahad Shahbaz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4263-3143
Khan, Salman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-1749
Fan, Deng-Ping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-7518
Article History
Received: 22 March 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations of conflict of interest
: Deng-Ping Fan is an associate editor of Machine Intelligence Research and was not involved in the editorial review, or the decision to publish this article. All authors declare that there are no other competing interests.