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Article History

Accepted: 1 October 2023

First Online: 2 November 2023

Declarations

:

: The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. The study was approved by each institution’s research ethics board/institutional review board.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

: This article has not been published elsewhere. All authors have read and approved the content, and agree to submit for consideration for publication in the journal.

: HT was supported by a fellowship from Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology. He has received a research grant from Eli Lilly and received manuscript fees from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Wiley Japan and Yoshitomi Yakuhin. IM-E is supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from CIHR. NHN reported grants from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, CIHR, University of Toronto, and Physicians' Services Incorporated Foundation. EMW reported grants from the NIH; nonfinancial support from Pfizer and Eli Lilly. BSM reported grants from the NIMH; nonfinancial support from Pfizer and Eli Lilly. GSA reported grants from the NIMH under grant number P50MH113838; nonfinancial support from Pfizer and Eli Lilly; and has served in the speakers bureau of from Takeda, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Allergan, Astra Zeneca, and Sunovion. MJH reported grants from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and University of Toronto/NIMH; salary from the New York State Office of Mental Health; consulting fees from Kessler Research Foundation. AJR has received grant or research support from Allergan, Janssen, the National Institute of Mental Health, Otsuka, Eli-Lilly (medications for a NIH-funded clinical trial), Pfizer (medications for a NIH-funded clinical trial), and the Irving S. and Betty Brudnick Endowed Chair in Psychiatry; is a consultant to Alkermes, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, and Sage Therapeutics; and has received royalties for the Rothschild Scale for Antidepressant Tachyphylaxis (RSAT)®; Clinical Manual for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Psychotic Depression, American Psychiatric Press, 2009; The Evidence-Based Guide to Antipsychotic Medications, American Psychiatric Press, 2010; The Evidence-Based Guide to Antidepressant Medications, American Psychiatric Press, 2012; and UpToDate®. HU has received grants from Eisai, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma, and Meiji-Seika Pharmaceutical; speaker’s honoraria from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma, Eisai, and Meiji-Seika Pharma; and advisory panel payments from Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma within the past three years. AJF has received grant support from the US National Institutes of Health, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Brain Canada, the Ontario Brain Institute, and Alzheimer’s Association. BHM has received research funding from Brain Canada, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Foundation, the CIHR, and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH); research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb (medications for an NIH-funded clinical trial), Eli-Lilly (medications for an NIH-funded clinical trial), Pfizer (medications for an NIH-funded clinical trial), Capital Solution Design LLC (software used in a study funded by CAMH Foundation), and HAPPYneuron (software used in a study funded by Brain Canada). He directly owns stocks of General Electric (less than $5000). ANV reported grants from the NIMH, CIHR, NSERC, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, CAMH Foundation, BBRF, and the University of Toronto. NJF and KSB report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.