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Article History

Received: 21 February 2025

Accepted: 26 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

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: All participants provided written informed consent allowing for the collection, analysis, and publication of their brain imaging data in accordance with the ethical guidelines of our institutional review board, specifically permitting the presentation of anonymized data, including brain images, within this manuscript.

: Dr. Moore is a co-founder of KeyWise AI and a co-founder and consultant for NeuroUX. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. No other authors have conflicts of interest to declare. Please note that the present manuscript presents results from a secondary analysis of the neuroimaging data collected for two clinical trials; the primary outcomes of the clinical trials have been published elsewhere (see (Bomyea, Caudle, Bartolovich, et al., 2025; Bomyea, Caudle, Dugas, et al., 2025). The findings in the present manuscript have not been published elsewhere.

: The protocols in the present study were reviewed and approved by the UC San Diego Institutional Review Board (IRB) or VA San Diego Healthcare System IRB. All research was carried out in accordance with the principals in the WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Prior to enrollment, all participants were provided a written and verbal explanation of the study’s aims, procedures, and risks. Then, all study participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable