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Article History

Received: 22 September 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study and procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Columbia University Irving Medical Center. The study adhered to ethical standards for research involving human participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before study enrollment.

: R.B. Lipton discloses the following: U01 AT011005 (Investigator), 1R01 AG075758 (Investigator), 1R01 AG077639 (Investigator), 1RO1A1011875 (Investigator), 1RM1DA0055437 (Investigator), RO1AG080635 (Investigator), SG24988292 (Investigator), U19AGO76581 (Investigator), 1RO1NS123374 (Investigator), R61NS125153 (Investigator), and K23 NS107643 (Mentor); he receives support from the Migraine Research Foundation and the National Headache Foundation and research grants from TEVA, Satsuma, and Amgen; he serves on the editorial board of Neurology®, is a senior advisor to Headache, and is an associate editor to Cephalalgia; he has reviewed for the NIA and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; he holds stock and stock options in Biohaven Holdings, CoolTech, and NuVieBio; he serves as a consultant and an advisory board member, or has received honoraria from Abbvie (Allergan), the American Academy of Neurology, the American Headache Society, Amgen, Axsome, Biohaven, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols, Lundbeck (Alder), Manistee, Merck, Pernix, Pfizer, Satsuma, Supernus, Teva, Vector, and Vedanta. He receives royalties from Wolff’s Headache 7th and 8th Edition, Oxford Press University, 2009, Wiley and Informa. All other authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript.

: R.B. Lipton discloses the following: U01 AT011005 (Investigator), 1R01 AG075758 (Investigator), 1R01 AG077639 (Investigator), 1RO1A1011875 (Investigator), 1RM1DA0055437 (Investigator), RO1AG080635 (Investigator), SG24988292 (Investigator), U19AGO76581 (Investigator), 1RO1NS123374 (Investigator), R61NS125153 (Investigator), and K23 NS107643 (Mentor); he receives support from the Migraine Research Foundation and the National Headache Foundation and research grants from TEVA, Satsuma, and Amgen; he serves on the editorial board of Neurology®, is a senior advisor to Headache, and is an associate editor to Cephalalgia; he has reviewed for the NIA and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; he holds stock and stock options in Biohaven Holdings, CoolTech, and NuVieBio; he serves as a consultant and an advisory board member, or has received honoraria from Abbvie (Allergan), the American Academy of Neurology, the American Headache Society, Amgen, Axsome, Biohaven, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols, Lundbeck (Alder), Manistee, Merck, Pernix, Pfizer, Satsuma, Supernus, Teva, Vector, and Vedanta. He receives royalties from Wolff’s Headache 7th and 8th Edition, Oxford Press University, 2009, Wiley and Informa. All other authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript.