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Article History

Received: 30 April 2024

Accepted: 20 May 2024

First Online: 22 November 2024

Compliance with ethics guidelines

: Conflicts of interest Xueyan Shi, Sichong Han, and Guizhen Wang declare that they have no conflict of interest. Guangbiao Zhou is the Executive Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Frontiers of Medicine, who was excluded from the peer-review process and all editorial decisions related to the acceptance and publication of this article. Peer-review was handled independently by the other editors to minimise bias.

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study. All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed.