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Authors
Abdelwahab, Khatib H.
Tolba, Mohammed E. M.
Senosy, W
Ahmed, Ahmed M.
Khedr, Abeer A.
Abdelaziz, Khaled
Aboelhadid, Shawky M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-2527
Mahmoud, Wafaa G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beni Suef University
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Informed Consent
: This study involved 339 privately owned cattle. All owners provided oral consent after being informed of the research objectives and procedures. Written consent was not obtained due to logistical constraints in a field-based setting.
: The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt (Approval No. 02-2-7-2023-3).
