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Authors
Aminian, Ali
Chaudhry, Rizwan M.
Khorgami, Zhamak
Andalib, Amin
Augustin, Toms
Rodriguez, John
Kroh, Matthew
Schauer, Philip R.
Brethauer, Stacy A.
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Article History
First Online: 27 January 2016
Compliance with Ethical Standards
:
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: Informed consent is not applicable in this study.
: Since this study was performed using de-identified nationwide data, informed consent was not obtained for the purposes of this research. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.
