Thiyagarajan, Sibi
Wall-Wieler, Elizabeth
Liu, Yuki
Zheng, Feibi
Edwards, Michael
Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Revised: 7 December 2025
Accepted: 21 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Intuitive Surgical Inc. funded access to the Merative⢠MarketScan Research Databases used for this study. Three co-authors are employed by Intuitive Surgical, Inc. (EW, YL, FZ) and were involved in the design, analysis, or preparation of this manuscript. Author MAE is a recipient of an Intuitive Foundation Research Grant Award for another research project.