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Authors
Yu, Weidong
Ma, You
Wu, Junchao
Zhang, Meng
Yang, Cheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270818)
Outstanding Scientific Research and Innovation Team for Male Genitourinary Diseases in Anhui Provincial Universities (2022AH010071)
Research Funds of the Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM (JKS2022001)
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Article History
Received: 13 July 2025
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 5 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol received full ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Anhui Medical University (Approval No. PJ2024-12–93). All procedures were conducted in accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements.
: The ethics committee/institutional review board waived the requirement of written informed consent for participation from the participants because this study is a retrospective study.
