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Authors
Gonçalves, Mário Rui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3172-0698
Morales-Conde, Salvador https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-0717
Marinho, Ricardo https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4530-2158
Ferreira, Cátia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0113-6634
Salido, Sergio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3009-3570
Oliveira, António https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-2975
Albuquerque, António
Sánchez-Margallo, Francisco M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-988X
Sousa, Miguel Castelo-Branco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6191-5912
de Matos, José Novo
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Article History
Received: 11 June 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Regarding ethical approval, this type of course is on the portfolio of the CCMIJU simulation center, which is certified and world-wide recognized assuring all the animal welfare standards in regard to surgical simulation. Additionally, the main researchers of our research team have directed more than 30 live animal simulation courses since 1995. Participants in this course, participated voluntarily and signed an informed consent document previous to the beginning of the course.
