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Authors
Watters, Andrea K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-0675
Jackson, Katrina https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1793-0149
Girard, Eric D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2991-6173
Cunningham, Alyson S. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8387-2529
McLoughlin, Robert J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1762-3215
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. As this project used the national ACS-NSQIP dataset, the project did not require approval by the Ethics Committee or International Review Board at our institution.
