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Article History

Received: 15 October 2025

Accepted: 8 November 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: According to Taiwan’s waiver criteria for ethical approval, such approval is not required when the research utilizes data (e.g., the NHI Research Database) obtained from legally established databases that are either de-identified or contain only coded information that cannot be used to identify specific individuals. This study used a de-identified dataset provided by Taiwan’s NHI Research Database; therefore, ethical approval was waived in accordance with the aforementioned regulations.

: Not applicable.