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Authors
Alonso-Casado, Oscar
Ortega-Pérez, Gloria
Núñez-O´Sullivan, Sara
López-Rojo, Irene
Guerrero-Macías, Silvia
Antón-Rodriguez, Cristina
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Article History
Received: 26 October 2025
Accepted: 6 December 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This is an observational study. This study was reviewed and approved by the Comité de Ética de la Investigación con Medicamentos (CEIm) of Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, which formally waived the requirement for obtaining specific informed consent for the retrospective use of pseudo-anonymised clinical data. The committee issued a favourable opinion under protocol number CEIm 195/24 (Acta 470, dated 24 September 2024).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All patients gave written informed consent for surgical treatment, which in our institution includes authorization for the anonymized use of clinical data for research and quality-improvement purposes. No identifiable personal information was used, and all data were handled in compliance with institutional data-protection policies and applicable GDPR regulations.
