Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All participating surgeons provided written informed consent for publication of the anonymized study data and images. As no patient data were included in this research, consent for publication from patients was not required.

: No patients were involved in this research, so patient consent was not required.

: This study did not involve human patients or animals and was conducted exclusively using an ex vivo training model with surgeon participants. According to the policies of Wakayama Medical University, formal review and approval by the institutional review board were not required for this type of educational simulation study. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, as applicable.