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Article History

Received: 6 February 2026

Accepted: 2 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Additional materials for this article can be accessed online.

: This study did not require ethics approval for multiple reasons.Data were exclusively obtained from publicly available TikTok and Bilibili videos, ensuring the exclusion of personal or private information.Secondly, the research did not entail any interaction with users of these platforms.Thirdly, it did not utilize clinical data, human samples, or lab animals.Lastly, this study aligns with established practices in comparable published research that have been granted exemptions from ethical review.Consequently, this study qualifies for exemption from ethical review.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.