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Authors
Deguchi, Katsuya
Hirano, Yasumitsu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9087-2715
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Saitama Medical University
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2026
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: Yasumitsu Hirano has received honoraria from Intuitive Surgical and Asensus Surgical for invited lectures and serves as a consultant for Asensus Surgical. Katsuya Deguchi declares no relevant financial or non-financial conflicts of interest. The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Saitama Medical University International Medical Center (Approval No. 2022–035).
: The requirement for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective design and the use of anonymized data.
