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Authors
Snyder, Caroline A.
Pachos, Nikolaos
Cerfolio, Robert J.
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Article History
Received: 9 March 2026
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
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: Dr. Cerfolio reports equity in Fruit Street, Informed Inc., and NovaNav; intellectual property related to Tego; and consulting and advisory roles with Informed Inc., NovaNav, various Publishers, Commend Corporation, Thoraguard (Centese), Intuitive Surgical, and Johnson & Johnson; serves as CEO and President of Rolo-7, C⁴, and Coop-Lor-Corporation. The other authors have no disclosures.
: Ethical approval for this investigation was granted by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (No. 030403013) and New York University Langone Health (i26-00209). Because of the retrospective design, the requirement for individual patient consent was waived. All procedures were conducted in compliance with institutional research standards and internationally accepted ethical principles governing human subject research.
