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Authors
Terra, Ricardo Mingarini https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8577-8708
de Araujo, Pedro Henrique Xavier Nabuco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0817-8180
Samano, Marcos Naoyuki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-0569
Minamoto, Fabio Eiti Nishibe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9012-854X
Artifon, Everson Luiz Almeida https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1900-8777
Otoch, Jose Pinhata https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8293-1508
Pego-Fernandes, Paulo Manuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7243-5343
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universidade De São Paulo
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 31 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare that the Toumai® robotic platform and associated surgical supplies used in this study were provided by MicroPort® (Medbot, Shanghai, China) at no cost. The authors have no other relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethics Approval: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee of HC-FMUSP (CAAE 94,555,325.3.0000.0076).
Consent to Participate: Written informed consent was obtained from both individual participants included in the study.
Consent to Publish: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the clinical data and images described in this article.
