Qu, Yuanqing
Qiu, Yuxiao
Zhang, You
Zhang, Yanyuan
Mounaïm-Rousselle, Christine
Han, Dong
Huang, Zhen
Article History
Received: 27 February 2025
Accepted: 9 May 2025
First Online: 10 July 2025
Ethics
: Competing Interests Zhen Huang is the Editor-in-Chief of Frontiers in Energy , who was excluded from the peer-review process and all editorial decisions related to the acceptance and publication of this article. Peer-review was handled independently by the other editors to minimise bias. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.