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Authors
Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2381-0984
Bafail, Duaa Abdullah
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Article History
Received: 2 October 2024
Accepted: 2 November 2024
First Online: 15 November 2024
Declarations
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: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi previously received funding through the Tobacco Harm Reduction Scholarship and the Kevin Molloy Fellowship, both awarded by Knowledge-Action-Change (KAC) UK, an independent public health organization dedicated to advancing the science of tobacco harm reduction. KAC receives funding from Global Action to End Smoking (GA), an independent U.S. nonprofit 501(c)(3) grantmaking organization that supports Health & Science Research, Cessation Education, and Agricultural Transformation initiatives. The scholarship and fellowship did not influence the study’s design, preparation, writing, or interpretation of findings. The contents, selection, and presentation of facts, as well as any opinions expressed, are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the positions of KAC or GA. The research presented in this paper was conducted independently of any external funding sources. Abdullah Bafail declares no competing interests.
: Approval for this analysis was granted by the UK Statistics Authority Data Ethics Team, falling under the National Statistician’s Data Ethics Advisory Committee while East Midlands-Nottingham 2 Research Ethics Committee; 15/EM/0254 approved the research ethics. All survey respondents provided verbal informed consent to participate in the Health Survey for England.
: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
: This study is based on the analysis of secondary data obtained from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2019, which consists of anonymized, publicly accessible data. The data were collected by the original researchers in compliance with ethical standards, and informed consent was obtained from all participants by the original data collectors. As this study involved secondary data analysis, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required by the authors for this research, as it qualifies for exemption from human subject research.
