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Article History

Received: 1 November 2024

Accepted: 15 December 2024

First Online: 6 January 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare the following potential conflicts of interests: F.F. provides consulting services through Pinney Associates on tobacco harm reduction to Juul Labs Inc., which had no involvement in this article. As of October 2024, Pinney Associates also consults to Philip Morris International solely on US regulatory pathways for non-combustible, non-tobacco, nicotine products, which also had no involvement in this article. Pinney Associates does not consult on combustible tobacco products. R.N. has received grant and contractual funding from the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration; served as a paid consultant to the Government of Canada via a contract with Industrial Economics Inc; received an honorarium for a virtual meeting from Pfizer Inc.; received other NIDA grants paid to his employers; received salary from the Steven Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at The Legacy Foundation, now Truth Initiative, New York University School of Global Public Health; and communicated with Juul Labs personnel, for which there was no compensation, and received hospitality in the form of meals at some meetings; none of which supported the work reported here. The Progressive Policy Institute sponsored a trip (travel and lodging) for R.N. to present a paper at a symposium: can e-cigarettes help tobacco cigarette smokers quit? A review of the evidence, Tobacco Harm Reduction—an Update, 54th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology, jointly held with the 34th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology and the 35th World Congress Collegium International Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum, Tokyo International Forum, Tokyo, Japan, May 24, 2024; no honorarium, consulting fee or other payment was provided.

: Only publicly available, de-identified survey data were used; therefore, this study is exempt from NIH human subjects research under NIH exemption 4 and did not require institutional review board review. These analyses were exploratory and were not preregistered.

: This study uses only secondary, de-identified data from CDC’s National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which are publicly available. NHIS data were collected by CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in compliance with ethical standards.

: It was obtained from all participants by NCHS. No additional ethical approval or informed consent was required by the authors of this study for analysis of the NHIS data; this study is exempt from NIH human subjects research under NIH exemption 4.