Document is current

Article History

Received: 4 December 2024

Accepted: 14 January 2025

First Online: 31 January 2025

Declarations

:

: Don Eliseo Lucero Prisno III and Isaac Olushola Ogunkola declared no conflict of interest. Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi received funding in the past through the Tobacco Harm Reduction Scholarship and the Kevin Molloy Fellowship, both awarded by Knowledge-Action-Change (KAC) UK, an independent public health organization. KAC receives funding from Global Action to End Smoking (GA), an independent U.S. nonprofit 501(c)(3) grantmaking organization that supports Health & Science Research, Cessation Education, and Agricultural Transformation initiatives. This research was conducted independently and is not linked to any prior funding sources.

: This was a secondary analysis of publicly available, anonymized data. No ethical approval was sought.

: As this study involved secondary data analysis, no ethical approval or informed consent was required by the authors for this research, as it qualifies for exemption from human subjects research.

: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.