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Article History

Received: 10 December 2024

Accepted: 8 February 2025

First Online: 5 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: MIMIC-IV research data are publicly available and all patient data are de-identified so institutional review board approval and informed consent were not required in this study, and all methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) and received approval from the Institutional Review Boards of both Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Access to the data was granted to the investigator upon completion of the online National Institutes of Health (NIH) course and successful passage of the associated human research participant protection exam (Application No. 45104499). Since the MIMIC-IV database is publicly available and all patient data are de-identified, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required for this study.

: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all authors.

: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.