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Article History

Received: 29 April 2025

Accepted: 4 June 2025

First Online: 17 June 2025

Declarations

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: RP is full tenured professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Catania (Italy) and Medical Director of the Institute for Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology at the same University. He has received grants from U-BIOPRED and AIR-PROM, Integral Rheumatology & Immunology Specialists Network (IRIS), Global Action to End Smoking, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, CV Therapeutics, NeuroSearch A/S, Sandoz, Merk Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Arbi Group Srl., Duska Therapeutics, Forest Laboratories, Ministero dell’Universita’ e della Ricerca (MUR) PNRR 3277/2021 (CUP E63C22000900006), PNRR 341/2022 (CUP E63C22002080006), and PNRR TNE23-00019 (CUP H71I24000300002), funded by NextGenerationEU of the European Union (EU), and the ministerial grant PON REACT-EU 2021 GREEN- Bando 3411/2021 by Ministero dell Universita’ and (MUR) – PNRR EU Community. He is founder of the Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment (CPCT) at the University of Catania and of the Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction at the same university. He receives consultancy fees from Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Duska Therapeutics, Forest Laboratories, CV Therapeutics, Sermo Inc., GRG Health, Clarivate Analytics, Guidepoint Expert Network, and GLG Group. He receives textbooks royalties from Elsevier. He is also involved in a patent application for ECLAT Srl. He is a pro bono scientific advisor for Lega Italiana Anti Fumo (LIAF) and the International Network of Nicotine Consumers Organizations (INNCO); and he is Chair of the European Technical Committee for Standardization on “Requirements and test methods for emissions of electronic cigarettes” (CEN/TC 437; WG4); and scientific advisor of the non-profit Foundation RIDE2Med. GG declares no competing interest. YAA declares no competing interests, though he received funding in the past through the Tobacco Harm Reduction Scholarship and the Kevin Molloy Fellowship, both awarded by Knowledge-Action-Change (KAC), UK.

: No ethical approval was sought. Not required.

: No ethical approval or informed consent was required by the authors for editorial.

: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.