Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 21 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Oshibe Joseph Daberechi, Yasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III, and Najim Z Alshahrani declare no conflicts of interest. However, Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi has previously received funding through the Tobacco Harm Reduction Scholarship and the Kevin Molloy Fellowship, both awarded by Knowledge-Action-Change (KAC), an independent public health organisation based in the UK. KAC is funded by Global Action to End Smoking (GA), an independent US nonprofit 501(c)(3) grant-making organisation that supports health and science research, cessation education, and agricultural transformation initiatives. The authors have never received funding from, nor held any affiliations with, tobacco or e-cigarette companies. This research was conducted independently, and no funding was received for the present study.

: This was a secondary analysis of publicly available, anonymised data. No ethical approval was sought.

: As this study involved secondary data analysis, no ethical approval or informed consent was required by the authors for this research, as it qualifies for exemption from human subject research.

: Patients and/or the public was not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.