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Article History

Received: 23 August 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committees at all participating centres.

: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: BNB reports research funding from the German Research Foundation (grant number 535014557) and from the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (grant number 81X4710101), both outside of the present project. He reports travel grants by the German Center for Cardiovascular Research, the Swedish Hjärt-Lungfonden, and the Korean Society of Heart Failure, all outside of this work. BS received speaker fees from Abbott, Abiomed and AstraZeneca, as well as research funding from the German Research Foundation and Abiomed; outside of the submitted work. JS received travel grants from Abiomed; outside of the submitted work. JD received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis, as well as travel grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer and Daiichi-Sankyo; outside of the submitted work. CS received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca; outside of the submitted work. AP received institutional funding for consulting for Abiomed and Getinge as well as research funding from the Medical Research Council and Barts Charity. RHGS received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Edwards, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Bayer Vital and Boehringer Ingelheim; outside of the submitted work. All other authors do not report any potential conflicts of interest.