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Authors
Boverio, Riccardo
Signorini, Fabiola
Rossi, Carlotta
Bellini, Roberta Irene Maria
Zanelli, Cristian
Ghilardi, Giulia Irene
Zatelli, Daniela
Nattino, Giovanni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3034-6251
Bertolini, Guido
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Alciati, Michela
Amuntencei, Madalina Maria
Arcidiacono, Simona
Bidoggia, Marco
Boido, Patrizia
Bruno, Giada
Cangemi, Giuseppe
Caravella, Lara
Cascina, Gianluca
Castello, Federico
Cerasa, Pietro
Conte, Salvatore
Cordero, Chiara
Cosby, Monica
Costagliola, Davide
Di Buono, Manuela
Santo, Stefania Di
Doglio, Monica
Dumitrescu, Carmen
Fendoni, Martina
Ferranti, Anita
Ferraro, Roberta
Gianluca, Guido
Lima, Liryana
Litta, Aurora
Loddo, Sonia
Macario, Chiara
Malatesti, Victor
Mattiazzo, Chiara
Mensi, Enrica
Minetti, Francesca
Morrone, Riccardo
Nistor, Alexandru
Nocito, Matteo
Noto, Lorenzo
Palumbo, Maria Teresa
Paraschiva, Iacoban
Pareti, Cinzia
Pretato, Vadis
Rana, Uberti
Ri, Alessia
Salera, Manuela
Savino, Vincenzo
Sosa, Claudia
Tirri’, Laura
Vigliano, Carla
Vigutto, Elisabetta
Villanova, Martina
Xesika, Lila
Zunino, Giulia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Regione Piemonte Azienda Zero (238/01.00/2023 of November 28)
Regione Piemonte Azienda Zero (2023)
Horizon Europe European Commission (101057726)
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Article History
Received: 5 August 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
:
: None of the authors has any conflict of interest in relation to this work.
: The study relied solely on anonymous data. Healthcare staff voluntarily consented to complete the anonymous questionnaire about crowding perception. The Fenice and NEDOCS scores are computed on aggregate, and thus anonymous, data. Therefore, the study did not require approval from an Ethics Committee.
