Naik, Siddhi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9480-964X
Ravindra, Prithvishree https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-2943
Chaudhuri, Souvik https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8392-2366
Priya, P. S.
Alli, Sai Deepak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-686X
Shetty, Shiran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3727-0488
Funding for this research was provided by:
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
Article History
Received: 25 August 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: We conducted a prospective observational study in a tertiary care academic hospital. This study was conducted over 24 months (from June 2023 to May 2025) and approved by Kasturba Medical College and Kasturba Hospital Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC2: 134/2023). It is also registered with clinical trial registry of India CTRI/2023/05/053156.
: Patients aged > 18 years presenting to the ED with UGIH were included after their written informed consent. Patients with portal vein thrombosis or cavernoma were excluded. Patients who did not undergo UGIE were also excluded from the study.